Tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta) is one of the new and important pests of tomato in Iran and every year it reduces the yield and quality of the product in terms of marketability. Therefore, in order to use insecticides that are safer for the environment, consumers and natural enemies, in this study, the effect of spinosad, imidacloprid, indoxacarb and chlorantraniliprole insecticides on Tuta absoluta was evaluated under field conditions. This study was performed in a randomized complete block design with five treatments, one control, and three replications. The results of this study showed that the efficacy of chlorantraniliprole and spinosad was higher than indoxacarb and imidacloprid on the third, seventh, tenth and fourteenth days after spraying. Also, the effect of LC25 of each of the mentioned insecticides on the parasitism rate of tomato leaf miner moth eggs by two species of parasitoid wasps T. brassicae and Trichogramma evanescens was evaluated under laboratory conditions. The rate of reduction of parasitism in spinsad, imidacloprid, indoxacarb and chlorantraniliprole treatments for T. brassicae was 23. 73, 18. 31, 14. 58 and 9. 37%, respectively, and for T. evanescens 24. 02, 18. 65, 13. 78, 9. 75% was determined. The results showed that chlorantraniliprole was less toxic compared to other compounds studied for parasitoid wasps and compared to other insecticides, the rate of parasitism of two species of Trichogramma was less affected. Hence, its use in integrated pest management programs of T. absoluta is recommended.

The adoption of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategy by farmers of Bathinda cotton belt of Punjab, India resulted in reduction of insecticidal applications. There was 3- 4 times reduction in insecticidal applications in IPM villages (4.86-5.33) over the non-IPM villages (15.16-18.12). A general trend of reduced insecticidal applications of both conventional as well as new insecticides, in IPM villages as compared to non-IPM ones, was observed. However, the use of endosulfan was significantly more in IPM villages (1.07 and 0.85 applications) over non-IPM ones (0.49 and 0.32 applications) in 2002 and 2003, respectively. The use of the remaining insecticides was significantly less in IPM than in non-IPM villages. There was no application of non-recommended insecticides and mixtures in IPM villages while it was observed in non-IPM ones only. Further, farmers in IPM villages showed increased preference for relatively new insecticides (imidacloprid, acetamiprid, thiamethoxam, indoxacarb and spinosad) over the conventional group of chemicals. The adoption of IPM strategies resulted in significantly reduced pest incidence (32-75%), reduced plant protection and total input costs (17-34 and 15-21%, respectively) and an increase in net profit (54-88%) in addition to conservation of natural enemies (0.8- 1.0 natural enemies/ plant in IPM over 0.4-0.7/ plant in non-IPM villages).

This research was done with aim of analyzing the influencing factors on Farmers’ Attitudes toward IPM in Mashhad. The statistical population was 1500 farmers. 160 farmers were selected with Cochran formula. This research study farmer’s attitude and analyze the socio-economic factors influencing the IPM. There was statistically significant relationship between farmer’s attitude and information canals, distance to city and income. The result of multiple discrimination analysis regression revealed that 44% of variability in farmer’s attitude stems for information canals and income.